Indian poetics - Alamkara and Vakrokti

Name :- Zala Krutikadevi. D

Paper :- 7

Sem :- 2

Roll no:- 17

Topic :- Literary Theory & Criticism - Alamkara &                         Vakrokti

Submitted to :- Smt. S.B. Gardi

                       Department of English

                       M.K. Bhavnagar University.

Introduction :-

 Indian poems are based on Sanskrit poetry. Sanskrit poetry developed in all directions , like " Ramayana " and " Mahabharata ". Ramayana is written by "valmiki" as the first poem in Sanskrit.Ramayana is not only hard work of valmiki but also composition of many different things. This way Mahabharata , Slokas , Parvas , Vedas , Upnishadas are also very important in literature. 

In Indian Poetic Bharatmuni , Panini , Kalidas ,Kuntaka , Bhamaha and many other great poets who wrote about the history and about the culture of India. In the sense of poetry means both type of meanings - to be read , to be heard and drama which is to be seen. They all have different names in western poetic like :-

Alamkara :- Principle of Figurativeness

Vakrokti :- Principle of Deviation

* Alamkara :- 

 Generally we have a single idea about Alamkara is that .. Alamkara means an ornaments which are for women to decorate their beauty.

But in literature Alamkara has different meaning.

Alamkara :- 

        Ornaments of poem - figurative speech which can decorate words and meaning and believed to be the essential sign of poetry.

" Bhamaha " is the first Alamkara poetician. In chapters 2 and 3 of  " Kavyalamkara "he describes 24 figures of speech. There are two types of Alamkaras.

1. Shabdalamkara :-  Shabda + Alamkara

                                        The meaning of sound.

2. Arthalamkara :- Artha + Alamkara

                                       The meaning of word & thoughts.

 Mammata described sixty-one figures of speech and 

 groups them into seven types.

(1)   Vyatiraeka (dissimilitude)

(2)   Aprastuta  Prasnsa ( indirect description)

(3)   Samuccaya ( Concatenation )

(4)   Rupaka ( Metaphor)

(5)   Upama ( Simile)

(6)   Dipaka ( Stringed Figure)

(7)   Virodha(contradiction) 

   But Bharata's original 4 to 61 figures distinguished by Mammata. The difference classificatory  system  can be seen to be based on the following points :-

                   (1)   Grammer ( samasokti)

   (2)   Value of figures

   (3)   Objects with which compared(Upamana)

   (4)   Syntax

   (5)   Symantic basis, such as a similarity.

   (6)   Objects compared(Upmeye)

    (7)   Coherence with known facts or                      otherwise(Sangati)

   Examples :-  

     1 .  Simile ( Upama ) :-  When a person or

    thing is compared with a similar but famous  person or thing.

  

                               " House  like Taj Mahal "

   Here poet compared the beauty of house with Taj Mahahl.

    * Vakrokti :-

 Vakrokti is also a part of language of literature. Vakrokti has special importance in literature not only as a separately but also as a important special element.

  " Kuntaka " is known as the originator of the  - Vakrokti school. He worked on his " Vakroktijivitam ".

 Vakrokti is the most misunderstood and misinterpretation one. It means striking ness in word and meaning of Vakrokti is :-

   Vakrokti :-  Vakra  +  Ukti

   Vakra :- Crooked indirect or unique.

   Ukti :- Poetic expression or speech

Here in Vakrokti " Six Gunas " ( Qualities ) are identified inliterary style.

1. Aucitya

2. Saubhagya

3. Madhurya

4. Prasada

5. Lavanya

6. Abhijatya

Example :-

There is an example of the famous play " Mudrarakshasa " by " Vishakhadatta " discussed a very sharply Vakrokti speech by Shiva , when one day in the morning he comes a home with Ganga on his head to the utter concentration of Parvati. He is caught on the wrong foot by the jealousy. As a wife Parvati asks him questions and Shiva gives replies very meaningfully.

Parvati  :- Who is this blesses damsel on your crest ?

Shiva :- Shashikala ( Crescent of moon or lady's name )

Parvati :- Ohh !!!!! is that the name of the lady ???

Shiva :- surely !!! How is it you have forgotten her name?

Parvati :- My query is about the lady and not the moon.

Shiva :- Let then Vijaya , the lady in attendence reply and not the moon.

Conclusion :- 

Vakrokti was only a species of Alamkara not merit a separate mention. Vakrokti as the basis of all Alamkara , as the essence of beautification in poetry. Vakrokti refers to the Gunas pertaining to the sound and sense . In the same way Kantaka incorporates Rasa , Riti and Alamkara and Guna theroies  togather into his Vakrokti Siddhanta.

Vakrokti  +  Atisayokti  =  Alamkara

This way they all are connected with each other.

THANK YOU :)

   

    

         

    

Role of Margaret in Frankenstein

Name :- Zala Krutikadevi. D

Paper :- 5 . The Romantic  Literature

Sem :- 2

Roll no:- 17

Topic :-  Role of Margaret in Frankenstein 

Submitted to :- Smt. S.B. Gardi

                       Department of English

                       M.K. Bhavnagar University.

Introduction 

 *Mary Shelley :-

Mary Shelley - Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin was born in 30 August 1797 , was an English novelist , Short story writer , dramatist , essayist , biographer and travel writer.
Mary Shelley was a self-educated writer and student of literature with famous men like Charles Lamb , Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Percy Shelly. She continued writing a variety of different types of works throughout her life. After her education she married with Percy Shelley.

Mary Shelley's achievements :-

1. Frankenstein 

2. Ladore

3. Faulkner

4. Mathilde

5. The last man

6. Prince of Lucca

Frankenstein 

Author :- Mary Shelley

Language :- English

Genre :- Horror , Gothic, Romance

Published :- 1818

Pages :- 280

volume I , First edition

Frankenstein or " The Modern Prometheus " is a novel, fiction written by British author Mary Shelley. it published in 1818 in London. 

Frankenstein novel is full of horror , romance and scientific elements and different experiments by main protagonist Victor Frankenstein. Here is the story of Victor , his lover Elizabeth and Victor's scientific experiment " Monster ". The whole story is very interesting and full of suspense also. This novel is connected with Mary Shelley's dream which she saw and decided to write that novel.

Here in that novel there a matter of creation of Monster -Wretch - Daemon - creature etc..

Frankenstein novel starts with the letters and also conversation between captain Walton and his sister Margaret.

In the conversation Walton wrote all the things about Victor's life and Monster.Finally captain Walton concluding frame narrative and also the end of Victor's narrative.In this novel after sometimes Frankenstein dies and Walton discovers the Monster on his ship , mourning over Frankenstein's body after then Walton realizes as he lost in darkness of ice and never to be seen again. This way this novel ends. 

This way Frankenstein novel depended on 3 points :-

1. Conversation between Captain Walton and his sister Margaret through letters.

2. Relationship between Elizabeth and Victor

3. World of Monster with full of horror and problems.

*Role of Margaret in Frankenstein :-

Margaret Walton Saville - Sister of Robert Walton and the recipient of the letters that constitute the novel. Although her brother's confidence she disapproves of his expedition.After Elizabeth's characterization Margaret is another passive female character, whose main role is to receive Walton's letters containing the manuscripts that make up the narrative. Here Margaret is main character who performed as well as a female character and helper also.It may be that the reader is to assume that Mrs. Saville is an active in editing these manuscripts and having them published , but the narrative is silent on this matter. She is sole intended reader of the story. 

Here as per the character of Margaret , a woman is also at the center of a story, from in letters at the beginning of the novel.There are a large numbers of conversations which is written by Captain Walton to her sister during his voyages.

Another matter is also appear that Walton and Margaret have no mother and she loved a lot to Walton. But here  Margaret is , Sibling . The world presented here is a world of children , world of sisters and brothers. Although on this or empty stage only siblings remain , there is not a sexless world , however  does not appear where we might expect it.

Just as images of sexuality and parturition are systematically displaced in this novel , so too is the idea of feminine desire.

Thus, Margaret frames this novel she could do as well. Actually only because of Margaret , this novel and idea of this novel is happening through Walton. As we know that Margaret is a passive woman in this novel , but her work is very remarkable in this novel.

 ~ THANK YOU ~

Plot of Middlemarch

Name :- Zala Krutikadevi. D

Paper :- 6. The Victorian Literature

Sem :- 2

Roll no:- 17

Topic :- Plot of Middlemarch

Submitted to :- Smt. S.B. Gardi

                       Department of English

                       M.K. Bhavnagar University.

Introduction

* George Eliot :-
  
George Eliot was the English novelist , journalist , translator and one of the leading writers of the Victorian era.
George Eliot was also known by her pen name 
" Mary Anne Evans ", she was born on 22, November
1819 and died on 22, December 1880. Her first novel " Adam Bede " and was a great success. She used a male pen name to ensure her works were taken seriously in an era when female authors were usually
associated with romantic novels. After that her another famous novels are - 

1. The Mill on the Floss
2. Silas Marner
3. Romala
4. Middlemarch
5. Daniel Deronda

These all are famous novels by Eliot give a grand popularity to her brought social acceptance , and Lewes and Eliot's home became a meeting place for writers and intellectuals.

Her work " Middlemarch " has been described by Martin Amis and " Julian Barnes " as the greatest novelist the English Language.

Middlemarch 

Author :- George Eliot ( Marian Evans )

Language :- English

Genre :- Novel , Social Criticism

Publication Date :- 1874

Middlemarch - " a study of provincial life " is a novel by George Eliot. It is her 7th novel, started in 1869 but put it a side during the illness of her son. But during 1871 - 1872 the novel appeared in serial form. The first one volume edition was published in 1874 with a large success and sales.

" A study of provincial life " is subtitled of Middlemarch , is set in the midlands town of Middlemarch. Middlemarch is one of the best novel of Eliot in English literature which has multiple plots with a large numbers of characters , including various types of idealism , the nature of marriage , religion , political reform and education. Here the pace is leisurely , the tone is mildly didactic with an authorial voice that occasionally bursts through the narrative , and the canvas is very broad.

There are many major and minor characters in this novel like :-

With a large number of characters, Middlemarch has different types of plot and situations.

1. Initial situations :-

Dorothea marries Mr. Casaubon and Lydgates marries Rosamond. Here as the Victorian age Middlemarch is totally against it tradition when main protagonist gets married at the end of the first volume.

“The difficult task of knowing another soul is not for young gentlemen whose consciousness is chiefly made up of their own wishes.”

2. Conflicts :-

The main problem is marriage here. Dorothea finally tied up with Mr. Casaubon and she doesn't look up to him enough. This way an another side Rosamond  discovers that Lydgate lives for his work not for her. The both marriages became a major problem between couples. 

“When a man has seen the woman whom he would have chosen if he had intended to marry speedily, his remaining a bachelor will usually depend on her resolution rather than on his.” 

3. Complications :-

Now another complications is happening when Dorothea becomes friend with Will Ladislaw. At that time Mr. Casaubon is  feeling  jealousy about it.

“One can begin so many things with a new person! - even begin to be a better man.”

4.  Climax :- 

Climax is like a soul of story and also valuable part of any story. Now Dorothea is ready for remarriage with Will , he feels like he can't go anywhere near her without people whispering about how he's only after her money.

“Confound you handsome young fellows! You think of having it all your own way in the world. You don't understand women. They don't admire you half so much as you admire yourselves.”

5. Suspense :-

Now one day Dorothea found Will and Rosamond together. There is a big misunderstanding happening by Dorothea , that there is a secret affair between Willl and Rosamon.

“Our deeds still travel with us from afar/And what we have been makes us what we are.” 

6. Denouement :-

Finally Rosamond explains everything to Dorothea and Dorothea is trying to save her relationship with Will. 

“People are almost always better than their neighbors think they are.”

7. Conclusion :-

At the final step of the novel , after all problems finally Dorothea and Will married after Mr. Casaubon's funeral.But on another side Rosamond can't save her marriage with Lydgate and after sometimes Lydgate dies and now Rosamond is free to remarry.

“But the effect of her being on those around her was incalculably diffusive: for the growing good of the world is partly dependent on unhistoric acts; and that things are not so ill with you and me as they might have been, is half owing to the number who lived faithfully a hidden life, and rest in unvisited tombs.”

** THANK YOU **